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2024 Update on Classification, Etiology, and Typing of Renal Amyloidosis: A Review.

Nelson LeungSamih H Nasr
Published in: American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation (2024)
Amyloidosis is a protein folding disease that causes organ injuries and even death. In humans, 42 proteins are now known to cause amyloidosis. Some proteins become amyloidogenic as a result of a pathogenic variant as seen in hereditary amyloidoses. In acquired forms of amyloidosis, the proteins form amyloid in their wild-type state. Four types (serum amyloid A, transthyretin, apolipoprotein A-IV, and β 2 -macroglobulin) of amyloid can occur either as acquired or as a mutant. Iatrogenic amyloid from injected protein medications have also been reported and AIL1RAP (anakinra) has been recently found to involve the kidney. Finally, the mechanism of how leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (ALECT2) forms amyloid remains unknown. This article reviews the amyloids that involve the kidney and how they are typed.
Keyphrases
  • wild type
  • multiple myeloma
  • machine learning
  • deep learning
  • binding protein
  • single molecule
  • genetic diversity