Chronic alcohol and nicotine consumption as catalyst for systemic inflammatory storm and bone destruction in apical periodontitis.
Karem Paula PintoTatiana Kelly da Silva FidalgoCarolina Oliveira de LimaRicardo Tadeu LopesLiana Bastos Freitas-FernandesAna Paula ValenteLuciana Moura SassoneEmmanuel João Nogueira Leal da SilvaPublished in: International endodontic journal (2023)
Alcohol and nicotine chronic consumption altered several metabolic markers, impaired liver and kidney function, increased the production of systemic proinflammatory mediators and harmed the periapical bone microarchitecture in the presence of apical periodontitis. The simultaneous consumption of alcohol and nicotine intensified these detrimental effects.