Larger pollen loads increase risk of heat stress in foraging bumblebees.

Global declines in bumblebee populations are linked to climate change, but specific mechanisms imposing thermal stress on these species are poorly known. Here we examine the potential for heat stress in workers foraging for pollen, an essential resource for colony development. Laboratory studies have shown that pollen foraging causes increased thoracic temperatures ( T th ) in bees, but this effect has not been examined in bumblebees nor in real-world foraging situations. We examine the effects of increasing pollen load size on T th of Bombus impatiens workers in the field while accounting for body size and microclimate. We found that T th increased by 0.07°C for every milligram of pollen carried ( p = 0.007), resulting in a 2°C increase across the observed range of pollen load sizes. Bees carrying pollen were predicted to have a T th 1.7-2.2°C hotter than those without pollen, suggesting that under certain conditions, pollen loads could cause B. impatiens workers to heat from a safe T th to one within the range of their critical thermal limits that we measured (41.3°C to 48.4°C). Bumblebees likely adopt behavioural or physiological strategies to counteract the thermal stress induced by pollen transport, and these may limit their foraging opportunities as environmental temperatures continue to increase.