Perineural invasion and perineural spread in periocular squamous cell carcinoma.
Jessica Y TongShyamala C HuilgolCraig JamesSaul RajakDinesh SelvaPublished in: Eye (London, England) (2022)
Perineural invasion (PNI) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the periocular region is a prognostic marker of adverse tumour outcomes. PNI carries a well-established risk of tumour recurrence, regional metastasis and higher likelihood of mortality. This review will explore and stratify the risks conferred by histological PNI parameters. The radiological features of perineural spread (PNS) and the imaging sequences that delineate these findings will also be highlighted. Surgical excision with en face margin control is the preferred technique for achieving histological clearance. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves treatment outcomes in the setting of concomitant high-risk features. For locally advanced or metastatic cutaneous SCC, immunotherapy represents a novel treatment alternative. This review will provide an algorithm for the diagnosis and management of periocular SCC with PNI and PNS.
Keyphrases
- squamous cell carcinoma
- locally advanced
- early stage
- cell migration
- small cell lung cancer
- high resolution
- machine learning
- lymph node metastasis
- cardiovascular events
- radiation therapy
- risk factors
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- emergency department
- risk assessment
- human health
- deep learning
- cardiovascular disease
- adverse drug
- adipose tissue
- replacement therapy
- smoking cessation
- fluorescence imaging