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Dose and injection site of botulinum toxin type A for gummy smile management: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis.

XinYi WangYiRan ZouMengNing YuanHongYuan HuangXueFeng HanXi Gong
Published in: Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology (2024)
This study systematically reviewed and compared previous results on efficacy, duration, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects of different botulinum toxin type A doses and injection sites, laying a solid foundation for further studies that use BoNT/A in the management of gummy smiles.
Keyphrases
  • botulinum toxin
  • patient satisfaction
  • ultrasound guided
  • heat stress
  • case control
  • electronic health record