Chemical Doping and O-Functionalization of Carbon-Based Electrode to Improve Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) holds promise for large-scale energy storage applications, despite its lower energy and power densities compared to advanced secondary batteries available today. Carbon materials are considered suitable catalyst electrodes for improving many aspects of the VRFB. However, pristine graphite structures in carbon materials are catalytically inert and require modification to activate their catalytic activity. Among the various strategies developed so far, O-functionalization and chemical doping of carbon materials are considered some of the most promising pathways to regulate their electronic structures. Building on the catalytic mechanisms involved in the VRFB, this concise review discusses recent advancements in the O-functionalization and chemical doping of carbon materials. Furthermore, it explores how these materials can be tailored and highlights future directions for developing more promising VRFBs to guide future research.