Development and validation of supervised machine learning multivariable prediction models for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia using nasopharyngeal swab PCR in adults in a low-HIV prevalence setting.

The logistic regression model should be externally validated in a wider range of settings. As the predictors are simple, routinely collected patient variables, this model may represent a diagnostic advance suitable for settings where collection of lower respiratory tract specimens is difficult but PCR is available.