Testing for Helicobacter pylori in an era of antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori has reached alarming levels and is compromising traditional empiric treatment of H. pylori . Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is routinely performed for infectious diseases when there is a risk of resistance and is now recommended to guide therapy for H. pylori . This mini-review overviews the current diagnostics for H. pylori with a focus on tests that enable susceptibility-guided treatment, including molecular tests performed directly on stool and endoscopically collected specimens.