Healthy immigrant effect or under-detection? Examining Undiagnosed and Unrecognized Late-life Depression for Racialized Immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada.

Despite Canadian universal health coverage, the burden of undiagnosed depression disproportionately affects racialized (but not White) immigrants in mid-to-late life.​ Contingent on race-migration nexus, the HIE in mental health may be attributable to the under-detection by health professionals and under-recognition by racialized immigrants. A paradigm shift is needed to estimate late-life depression for medically underserved populations.