Human papillomavirus (HPV)-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma has a worse prognosis than HPV-associated disease: a retrospective cohort study.

VSCC can be stratified into two prognostically different diseases based on p16 immunostaining. HPV status was associated only with prognosis in the cohort that underwent surgery after 1995, suggesting that more conservative surgery may have led to worse outcomes for patients with HPV-independent tumours.