Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders.
Rezan Ashayeri AhmadabadZahra MirzaasgariAli GorjiMaryam Khaleghi GhadiriPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of pathological conditions that temporarily or permanently affect the brain tissue mostly via the decrease of oxygen and glucose supply. TLRs have a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cascades following hypoxic-ischemic events and subsequently contribute to neuroprotective or detrimental effects of CVD-induced neuroinflammation. The TLR signaling pathway and downstream cascades trigger immune responses via the production and release of various inflammatory mediators. The present review describes the modulatory role of the TLR signaling pathway in the inflammatory responses developed following various CVDs and discusses the potential benefits of the modulation of different TLRs in the improvement of functional outcomes after brain ischemia.
Keyphrases
- toll like receptor
- signaling pathway
- immune response
- cerebral ischemia
- pi k akt
- inflammatory response
- nuclear factor
- resting state
- white matter
- induced apoptosis
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- oxidative stress
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- lps induced
- diabetic rats
- traumatic brain injury
- brain injury
- high glucose
- functional connectivity
- blood brain barrier
- drug induced
- blood glucose
- multiple sclerosis
- cognitive impairment
- dendritic cells
- blood pressure
- human health
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- endothelial cells