Fabrication of 3D graphene anode for improving performance of miniaturized microbial fuel cells.

A three-dimensional graphene (3D GR) grown by chemical vapor deposition method was used as the anode of a miniaturized microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC), which was to be embedded in a 56-μL anode chamber for the formation of a thicker biofilm from Shewanella bacterial culture to promote high efficient extracellular electron transfer. Such 3D GR structure had fewer defects with few layers, and the framework showed significant high REDOX peak current density, high charge storage and low charge transfer resistance. Besides, the electron transport rate of 3D GR electrode was 0.0176 s -1 , which was about two times faster than that of GR electrode with nickel foam substrate (GR/NF). Benefiting from the macroporous networks, high electron transfer rate and electrocatalytic activity, 3D GR anode facilitated efficient mass transfer and effective electron transport, further forming denser biofilm on the 3D GR. The maximum output voltage and power density of this mini-MFC were 820 mV and 23.8 mW/m 2 , which were much higher than those of the GR/NF anode at 590 mV and 12.8 mW/m 2 and the bare NF anode at 450 mV and 4.6 mW/m 2 . The study demonstrated that 3D GR can be a promising anode material for improving MFC performance.