Primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Korea from 2003 to 2018.

The primary and secondary resistance rates of clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin for Helicobacter pylori in Korea were high and increased over time. However, the primary and secondary resistance rates of amoxicillin and tetracycline were low and stable over time. These results will help in selecting effective eradication regimens of H pylori in Korea in the future.