Hydrogen Production Using TiO 2 -Based Photocatalysts: A Comprehensive Review.

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the most widely used photocatalysts due to its physical and chemical properties. In this study, hydrogen energy production using TiO 2 - and titanate-based photocatalysts is discussed along with the pros and cons. The mechanism of the photocatalysis has been elaborated to pinpoint the photocatalyst for better performance. The chief characteristics and limitations of the TiO 2 photocatalysts have been assessed. Further, TiO 2 -based photocatalysts modified with a transition metal, transition metal oxide, noble metal, graphitic carbon nitride, graphene, etc. have been reviewed. This study will provide a basic understanding to beginners and detailed knowledge to experts in the field to optimize the TiO 2 -based photocatalysts for hydrogen production.