Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2: Pathophysiological Analysis and Social Context.
Genaro Gabriel OrtizIrma E Velázquez-BrizuelaGenaro E Ortiz-VelázquezMaría J Ocampo-AlfaroJoel Salazar-FloresDaniela Lucero Del Carmen Delgado-LaraErandis Dheni Torres-SanchezPublished in: Brain sciences (2022)
The COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a challenge for healthcare systems, especially in terms of the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age is one of the major risk factors for severe forms of COVID-19, most probably due to the presence of comorbidities and inflammations. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades nerve endings and olfactory nerves through the binding of the spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This interaction triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in cognitive impairment. In turn, the isoform of apolipoprotein-E4 (APOE-4ε) in AD is a risk factor for increased neuroinflammation through microglia activation, increased oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. AD and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with increases in levels of inflammatory markers, as well as increases in levels of APOE-4ε, ACE2 and oxidative stress. Thus, there is a synergistic relationship between AD and SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the social isolation and other health measures resulting from the pandemic have led to a higher level of anxiety and depression among AD patients, a situation which may lead to a decline in cognitive function. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies for keeping the patient calm but active.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- healthcare
- angiotensin converting enzyme
- oxidative stress
- angiotensin ii
- cognitive decline
- cognitive impairment
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- end stage renal disease
- mental health
- dna damage
- chronic kidney disease
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- coronavirus disease
- binding protein
- peritoneal dialysis
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- high fat diet
- inflammatory response
- diabetic rats
- health information
- traumatic brain injury
- public health
- palliative care
- mild cognitive impairment
- cancer therapy
- early onset
- risk assessment
- patient reported outcomes
- signaling pathway
- case report
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- spinal cord
- skeletal muscle
- heat shock
- health insurance
- insulin resistance
- amino acid
- human health