Facilitating Charge Reactions in Al-S Batteries with Redox Mediators.

The Al-S battery is a promising next-generation battery candidate due to high abundance of both aluminium and sulfur. However, the sluggish kinetics of the Al-S battery reactions produces very high overpotentials. Here, for the first time, it was demonstrated that the incorporation of redox mediators could dramatically improve the kinetics of Al-S batteries. On the example of iodide redox mediators, it was shown that the charging voltage of Al-S batteries could be decreased by about 0.23 V with as little as 2.3 wt% of redox mediator added as electrolyte additive. Control electrochemical measurements, without prior discharge of the battery, demonstrated that >97 % of the charge capacity was due to the desired oxidation of Al2 S3 and polysulfides, and X-ray diffraction experiments confirmed the formation of sulfur as the final charge product. The beneficial role of redox mediators was demonstrated with cheap and environmentally friendly electrolytes made of urea and AlCl3 . This work showed that dramatic performance improvements could be achieved with low concentration of electrolyte additives, and therefore, much further performance improvements could be sought by combining multiple additives.