3D printing of collagen scaffold with enhanced resolution in a citrate-modulated Gellan gum microgel bath.

3D printing in a microgel-based supporting bath enables the construction of complex structures with soft and watery biomaterials but the low print resolution is usually an obstacle to its practical application in tissue engineering. Herein, the high-resolution printing of a 3D collagen organ scaffold is realized by using an engineered Gellan gum (GG) microgel bath containing trisodium citrate (TSC). The introduction of TSC into the bath system not only mitigates the aggregation of GG microgels, leading to a more homogeneous bath morphology, but also suppresses the diffusion of the collagen ink in the bath due to the dehydration effect of TSC, both of which contribute to the improvement of print resolution. 3D collagen organ structures such as hand, ear and heart are successfully constructed with high shape fidelity in the developed bath. After printing, the GG and TSC can be easily removed by washing with water, and the obtained collagen product exhibits good cell affinity in a tissue scaffold application. This work offers an easy-to-operate strategy for developing a microgel bath for high-resolution printing of collagen, providing an alternative path to in vitro 3D organ construction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.