Comparison of Transgenerational Neurotoxicity between Pristine and Amino-Modified Nanoplastics in C. elegans .

Increasing evidence has suggested that nanoplastic pollution has become a global concern. More importantly, transgenerational toxicity can be induced by nanoplastics at predicted environmentally relevant doses (ERDs). Considering that amino modification could increase nanoplastic toxicity, we compared transgenerational neurotoxicity between pristine polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) and amino-modified PS-NP (NH 2 -PS-NP) in Caenorhabditis elegans . At 0.1-10 μg/L, NH 2 -PS-NP caused more severe transgenerational toxicity on locomotion and neuronal development. Accompanied with a difference in transgenerational neuronal damage, compared to PS-NP (10 μg/L), NH 2 -PS-NP (10 μg/L) induced more severe transgenerational activation of mec-4 , crt-1 , itr-1 , and tra-3 , which are required for the induction of neurodegeneration. Moreover, NH 2 -PS-NP (10 μg/L) caused more severe transgenerational inhibition in expressions of mpk-1 , jnk-1 , dbl-1 , and daf-7 than PS-NP (10 μg/L), and RNA interference (RNAi) of these genes conferred susceptibility to the toxicity of PS-NP and NH 2 -PS-NP on locomotion and neuronal development. NH 2 -PS-NP (10 μg/L) further caused more severe transgenerational activation of germline ligand genes ( ins-3 , ins-39 , daf-28 , lin-44 , egl-17 , efn-3 , and lag-2 ) than PS-NP (10 μg/L), and RNAi of these ligand genes caused resistance to the toxicity of PS-NP and NH 2 -PS-NP on locomotion and neuronal development. Our results highlighted more severe exposure risk of amino-modified nanoplastics at ERDs in causing transgenerational neurotoxicity in organisms.