The Role of Immunometabolism in HIV-1 Pathogenicity: Links to Immune Cell Responses.
Eman TeerNyasha C MukonowenzouM Faadiel EssopPublished in: Viruses (2022)
With the successful roll-out of combination antiretroviral treatment, HIV is currently managed as a chronic illness. Of note, immune activation and chronic inflammation are hallmarks of HIV-1 infection that persists even though patients are receiving treatments. Despite strong evidence linking immune activation and low-grade inflammation to HIV-1 pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms remain less well-understood. As intracellular metabolism is emerging as a crucial factor determining the fate and activity of immune cells, this review article focuses on how links between early immune responses and metabolic reprograming may contribute to HIV pathogenicity. Here, the collective data reveal that immunometabolism plays a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. For example, the shift from quiescent immune cells to its activation leads to perturbed metabolic circuits that are major drivers of immune cell dysfunction and an altered phenotype. These findings suggest that immunometabolic perturbations play a key role in the onset of non-AIDS-associated comorbidities and that they represent an attractive target to develop improved diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic strategies to help blunt HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- hiv positive
- hiv infected
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv aids
- hiv testing
- hepatitis c virus
- men who have sex with men
- hiv infected patients
- low grade
- immune response
- oxidative stress
- south africa
- gene expression
- end stage renal disease
- escherichia coli
- machine learning
- genome wide
- prognostic factors
- ejection fraction
- dna methylation
- high grade
- staphylococcus aureus
- toll like receptor
- patient reported outcomes
- cystic fibrosis
- candida albicans