Phenotyping of Salvia miltiorrhiza Roots Reveals Associations between Root Traits and Bioactive Components.

Plant phenomics aims to perform high-throughput, rapid, and accurate measurement of plant traits, facilitating the identification of desirable traits and optimal genotypes for crop breeding. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) roots possess remarkable therapeutic effect on cardiovascular diseases, with huge market demands. Although great advances have been made in metabolic studies of the bioactive metabolites, investigation for S . miltiorrhiza roots on other physiological aspects is poor. Here, we developed a framework that utilizes image feature extraction software for in-depth phenotyping of S . miltiorrhiza roots. By employing multiple software programs, S. miltiorrhiza roots were described from 3 aspects: agronomic traits, anatomy traits, and root system architecture. Through K -means clustering based on the diameter ranges of each root branch, all roots were categorized into 3 groups, with primary root-associated key traits. As a proof of concept, we examined the phenotypic components in a series of randomly collected S . miltiorrhiza roots, demonstrating that the total surface of root was the best parameter for the biomass prediction with high linear regression correlation ( R 2 = 0.8312), which was sufficient for subsequently estimating the production of bioactive metabolites without content determination. This study provides an important approach for further grading of medicinal materials and breeding practices.