Mitochondrial transport, partitioning, and quality control at the heart of cell proliferation and fate acquisition.

Mitochondria are essential to cell homeostasis, and alterations in mitochondrial distribution, segregation, and turnover have been linked to complex pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Understanding how these functions are coordinated in specific cell types is a major challenge to discover how mitochondria globally shape cell functionality. In this review, we first describe how mitochondrial transport and dynamics are regulated throughout the cell cycle in yeast and in mammals. Second, we explore the functional consequences of mitochondrial transport and partitioning on cell proliferation, fate acquisition, and stemness and on the way cells adapt their metabolism. Finally, we focus on how mitochondrial clearance programs represent a further layer of complexity for cell differentiation or in the maintenance of stemness. Defining how mitochondrial transport, dynamics, and clearance are mutually orchestrated in specific cell types may help our understanding of how cells can transition from a physiological to a pathological state.