Self-sustained Snapping Drives Autonomous Dancing and Motion in Free-standing Wavy Rings.

Harnessing snapping, an instability phenomenon observed in nature (e.g., Venus flytraps), for autonomy has attracted growing interest in autonomous soft robots. However, achieving self-sustained snapping and snapping-driven autonomous motions in soft robots remains largely unexplored. Here, we report harnessing bistable, ribbon ring-like structures for realizing self-sustained snapping in a library of soft liquid crystal elastomer wavy rings under constant thermal and photothermal actuation. The self-sustained snapping induces continuous ring flipping that drives autonomous dancing or crawling motions on the ground and under water. The three-dimensional, free-standing wavy rings employ either a highly symmetric or symmetry-broken twisted shape with tunable geometric asymmetries. We find that the former favors periodic self-dancing motion in place due to isotropic friction, while the latter shows a directional crawling motion along the predefined axis of symmetry during fabrication due to asymmetric friction. It shows that the crawling speed can be tuned by the geometric asymmetries with a peak speed achieved at the highest geometric asymmetry. Lastly, we show that the autonomous crawling ring can also adapt its body shape to pass through a confined space that is over 30% narrower than its body size. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.