Adoptive T cells therapy in solid tumors: state-of-the art, current challenges, and upcoming improvements.

In solid tumors, three main complementary approaches of adoptive T cell therapies were successively developed: tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells and high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells. In this review, we summarized rational and main results of these three adoptive T cell therapies in solid tumors field and gave an overview of encouraging data and their limits. Then, we listed the major remaining challenges (including tumor antigen loss, on target/off tumor effect, tumor access difficulties and general / local immunosubversion) and their lines of research. Finally, we gave insight into the ongoing trials in solid tumor.