Kukoamine B from Lycii Radicis Cortex Protects Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells through Covalent Modification by Trans -2-Nonenal.

The unsaturated aldehyde trans -2-nonenal is known to be generated by lipid peroxidation at the surface of the skin in an aging-related manner and has harmful effects on keratinocytes in the skin. In this study, the protective effect of a Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC) extract against trans -2-nonenal-induced cell damage on human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) was investigated. Notably, treatment with the LRC extract resulted in an increase in cell survival, while trans -2-nonenal decreased the viability of HaCaT cells. For identification of interaction between the LRC extract and trans -2-nonenal, this mixture was incubated in simulated physiological conditions, showing a strong decrease in the amount of trans -2-nonenal by the LRC extract. Subsequent LC-ESI-MS analysis revealed that kukoamine B (KB) formed Schiff base-derived pyridinium adducts with trans -2-nonenal. Thus, these results suggest that KB could be a potential agent that may protect HaCaT cells by forming new products with trans -2-nonenal.