In-situ Polymer Framework Strategy Enabling Printable And Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells by Mitigating "Coffee Ring" Effect.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are considered ideal candidates for future photovoltaic applications due to their excellent photovoltaic properties. Although solution-printed manufacturing has shown inherent potential for the low-cost, high-throughput production of thin-film semiconductor electronics, the high-quality and high-reproducibility deposition of large-area perovskite remains a bottleneck that restricts their commercialization due to the droplet coffee-ring effect (CRE). In this study, we addressed these issues by introducing an in-situ polymer framework. The three-dimensional framework formed by spontaneous cross-linking improved the precursor viscosity and homogenized its heat diffusion coefficient, counteracting the lateral capillary flow of the colloidal particles and anchoring their flocculent movement. Thus, the Marangoni convection intensity was properly controlled to ensure high-quality perovskite films, which significantly enhanced reproducibility in printing efficient photovoltaics by mitigating the CRE. Subsequently, the perovskite solar cells and modules achieved power conversion efficiencies of 23.94 and 17.53%, and exhibited positive environmental stability, retaining over 90 and 78% efficiency after storage for 2500 and 1600 h, respectively. This work may serve as a foundation for exploring precursor rheology to match the homogeneous deposition requirements of perovskite photovoltaics and facilitating the advancement of their printing manufacturing and commercialization transition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.