Leflunomide Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via Suppressing Autophagy and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer Cells.

Li ChengHao WangZicheng WangHoubao HuangDong ZhuoJian Lin

Published in: Drug design, development and therapy (2020)

Leflunomide significantly reduced the cell viability of bladder cancer cells via inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, the blockade of autophagy was observed, and autophagy inhibition enhanced leflunomide-mediating anti-tumor effects. Our data presented here offer novel ideas for comprehensive therapeutic regimes on bladder cancer.

Keyphrases

signaling pathway
pi k akt
cell cycle arrest
induced apoptosis
cell death
epithelial mesenchymal transition
spinal cord injury
endothelial cells
endoplasmic reticulum stress
electronic health record
cell proliferation
urinary tract
induced pluripotent stem cells
muscle invasive bladder cancer