Acute pain, neck extensor endurance, and kinematic changes as a result of sustained neck flexion during smartphone use.

Two-thirds of young adults developed consistent neck and/or upper back musculoskeletal pain that they described as aching after 30-minutes of smartphone use with sustained neck flexion. Since the non-traditional work environment may result in the use of these devices, employers will need to be aware of the potential consequences of sustained postures during mobile device use and develop methods to mitigate pain.