Anticoagulants Enhance Molecular and Cellular Immunotherapy of Cancer by Improving Tumor Microcirculation Structure and Function and Redistributing Tumor Infiltrates.

Combined treatment of heparin and ACT or anti-PD1 produced synergistic antitumor effects, which were at least in part through tumor vascular normalization, hence increased anti-tumor T cell responses due to reduced Treg cells infiltration and increased M1 macrophage polarization. This synergistic combination therapy warrants clinical evaluation.