First Identification of a Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas putida Co-Carrying Five β-Lactam Resistance Genes Recovered from a Urinary Tract Infection in China.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas spp. in the clinical settings has heightened public awareness. Here, we described the genomic characteristics of a P. putida isolate co-carrying five β-lactam resistance genes recovered from a urinary tract infection in China. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms. The genome sequence was annotated and further subjected to identify the sequence type (ST), antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 193 P. putida strains stored in NCBI public database based on core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) strategy were also performed and visualized. Our study indicated that P. putida PP_2463 was resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents tested, including aminoglycosides, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. The complete genome sequence of P. putida PP_2463 is made up of one chromosome and two plasmids, which could be assigned to a new sequence type (ST) 148. The co-occurrence of β-lactam resistance genes bla IPM-15 , bla PME-1 , bla CARB-2 , and bla NDM-1 were first identified in P. putida , and a novel β-lactamase gene located in the chromosome were among the antimicrobial resistance genes discovered. The closest relative of P. putida PP_2463 was identified in 2012 from a urine sample in China, with a difference of 143 SNPs. Along with the presence of multiple β-lactamase genes and mobile genetic elements, the multidrug-resistant phenotype suggests a significant potential as an antibiotic resistance reservoir for Pseudomonas spp.