EXPRESS: Further evidence for the role of temporal contiguity as a determinant of overshadowing.

Three experiments explored whether weakening temporal contiguity between auditory cues and an aversive outcome attenuated cue-competition in an avoidance learning task with human participants. Overall, with strong temporal contiguity between auditory cues and the outcome during training (the offset of the predictive auditory signals concurred with the onset of the outcome), the target cue trained as part of a compound yielded less avoidance behaviour than the control cue trained alone, an instance of overshadowing. However, weakening temporal contiguity during training (inserting a 5s trace) attenuated overshadowing, resulting in similar avoidance behaviour in response to the control and the target cues. These results provide evidence that, as predicted by a recent modification of Pearce's configural theory (Pearce, 1987; see Herrera et al., 2022), temporal contiguity is critical in determining cue competition.