Green fabrication of nanoporous BiVO 4 films on ITO substrates for photoelectrochemical water-oxidation.

A new green method was developed to prepare nanoporous BiVO 4 films on ITO substrates for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-oxidation under visible light irradiation. The films can be prepared by simple drop-casting of a stable aqueous solution of Bi 3+ and V 5+ complexes with tartaric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, followed by drying and calcination in air. Thanks to these ligands, the aqueous precursor solution is remarkably stable over a wide range of pH (pH 4-9). The BiVO 4 films on ITO substrates possess a 3D-network structure comprised of nanoparticles with a scheelite-monoclinic phase and a diameter of ca. <100 nm, after calcination at 450-500 °C for 1 h. The PEC performance clearly depended on the film thickness that can be controlled by coating times, and calcination conditions (temperature and time). The CoPi-loaded BiVO 4 electrodes exhibited relatively high performance for PEC water oxidation (ABPE of 0.35% at 0.8 V vs. RHE) under simulated sunlight irradiation.