Aging versus youth: Endocrine aspects of vulnerability for COVID-19.
Seda Hanife OğuzMeltem KocaBulent Okan YildizPublished in: Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders (2021)
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized with a wide range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe disease. In patients with severe disease, the main causes of mortality have been acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and thrombotic events. Although all factors that may be associated with disease severity are not yet clear, older age remains a leading risk factor. While age-related immune changes may be at the bottom of severe course of COVID-19, age-related hormonal changes have considerable importance due to their interactions with these immune alterations, and also with endothelial dysfunction and comorbid cardiometabolic disorders. This review aims to provide the current scientific evidence on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathway to severe COVID-19, from a collaborative perspective of age-related immune and hormonal changes together, in accordance with the clinical knowledge acquired thus far.
Keyphrases
- coronavirus disease
- sars cov
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- early onset
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- risk factors
- physical activity
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- healthcare
- climate change
- young adults
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- drug induced
- type diabetes
- mental health
- cardiovascular events
- cardiovascular disease
- intensive care unit
- metabolic syndrome
- skeletal muscle
- coronary artery disease
- quality improvement
- insulin resistance