Light-Driven Ammonia Production by Azotobacter vinelandii Cultured in Medium Containing Colloidal Quantum Dots.

There is an evergrowing demand for environment-friendly processes to synthesize ammonia (NH 3 ) from atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ). Although diazotrophic N 2 fixation represents an undeniably "green" process of NH 3 synthesis, the slow reaction rate makes it less suitable for industrially meaningful large-scale production. Here, we report the photoinduced N 2 fixation using a hybrid system composed of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and aerobic N 2 -fixing bacteria, Azotobacter vinelandii . Compared to the case where A. vinelandii cells are simply mixed with QDs, NH 3 production increases significantly when A. vinelandii cells are cultured in the presence of core/shell InP/ZnSe QDs. During the cell culture of A. vinelandii , the cellular uptake of QDs is facilitated in the exponential growth phase. Experimental results as well as theoretical calculations indicate that the photoexcited electrons in QDs within A. vinelandii cells are directly transferred to MoFe protein, the catalytic component of nitrogenase. We also observe that the excess amount of QDs left on the outer surface of A. vinelandii disrupts the cellular membrane, leading to the decrease in NH 3 production due to the deactivation of nitrogenase. The successful uptake of QDs in QD- A. vinelandii hybrid with minimal amount of QDs on the outer surface of the bacteria is key to efficient photosensitized NH 3 production. The comprehensive understanding of the QD-bacteria interface paves an avenue to novel and efficient nanobiohybrid systems for chemical production.