COF-based artificial probiotic for modulation of gut microbiota and immune microenvironment in inflammatory bowel disease.

Conventional strategies for treating inflammatory bowel disease merely relieve inflammation and excessive immune response, but fail to solve the underlying causes of IBD, such as disrupted gut microbiota and intestinal barrier. Recently, natural probiotics have shown tremendous potential for the treatment of IBD. However, probiotics are not recommended for IBD patients, as they may cause bacteremia or sepsis. Herein, for the first time, we constructed artificial probiotics (Aprobiotics) based on artificial enzyme-dispersed covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as the "organelle" and a yeast shell as the membrane of the Aprobiotics to manage IBD. The COF-based artificial probiotics, with the function of natural probiotics, could markedly relieve IBD by modulating the gut microbiota, suppressing intestinal inflammation, protecting the intestinal epithelial cells, and regulating immunity. This nature-inspired approach may aid in the design of more artificial systems for the treatment of various incurable diseases, such as multidrug-resistant bacterial infection, cancer, and others.