The Incidence, Characteristics and Outcomes of Vertebral Artery Injury Associated with Cervical Spine Trauma: A Systematic Review.

VAI secondary to cervical spine trauma has a notable incidence and high associated mortality rates. The current available literature is limited by a low quality of evidence. In order to optimise diagnostic protocols and treatment strategies, in addition to reducing mortality rates associated with VAI, robust quantitative and qualitative studies are needed.