Difunctional Fluorescence Nanoparticles for Accurate Tracing of Nanopesticide Fate and Crop Protection Prepared by Flash Nanoprecipitation.

Facile fabrication of difunctional nanoparticles (NPs) for pesticide delivery and imaging is still a fascinating challenge. Here, water-dispersible difunctional NPs were developed using flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) where self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers were used to encapsulate a highly hydrophobic model pesticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin, and the fluorescent dye Nile red. The particle size (ranging from 158 to 280 nm) and fluorescence property of NPs could be controlled by varying the flow rate or Nile red feed concentration. The aggregation state and rearrangement of the dye molecules in the NPs were also investigated. IVIS imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis demonstrated that the resulting difunctional nanopesticide particles could allow accurate in situ tracking of the pesticide on the leaf surface, while effectively avoiding interference from chlorophyll autofluorescence. The difunctional NP suspension maintained high insecticidal activity and stability. This work demonstrates the feasibility and great potential of the FNP method in universal fabrication of multifunctional NPs with in situ pesticide tracing and crop protection capabilities.