Immune mechanisms of cardiac aging.

Advances in healthcare and improvements in living conditions have led to rising life expectancy worldwide. Aging is associated with excessive oxidative stress, a chronic inflammatory state, and limited tissue healing, all of which result in an increased risk of heart failure. In fact, the prevalence of heart failure approaches 40% in the ninth decade of life, with the majority of these cases suffering from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In cardiomyocytes (CMs), age-related mitochondrial dysfunction results in disrupted calcium signaling and covalent protein-linked aggregates, which cause cardiomyocyte functional disturbances, resulting in increased stiffness and diastolic dysfunction. Importantly, aging is also associated with chronic low-grade, sterile inflammation, which alters the function of interstitial cardiac cells and leads to cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, cardiac aging is associated with cellular, structural, and functional changes in the heart that contribute to the rising prevalence of heart failure in older people.