Construction of a 3D Surgical Model for Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy: the Urotrainer VK-1.

We designed a 3D operable model with multiple and variant surgical scenarios in order to facilitate surgical training in MIPN. The model delivered a real-life feel and handle. To our knowledge, this is the first minimally invasive partial nephrectomy simulator to encompass a series of scenarios with multiple levels of difficulty while delivering a real-life experience.