Safety assessment of new nanodiamonds@corrole hybrids addressed by the response of RAW-264.7 macrophages.
Carla I M SantosMónica CicuéndezGil GonçalvesLaura Rodríguez-PérezM Teresa PortolésMaria Amparo F FaustinoMaría Ángeles HerranzMaria da Graça P M S NevesJosé Manuel Gaspar MartinhoErmelinda M S MaçôasNazario MartinPublished in: Journal of materials chemistry. B (2022)
Safety assessment of carbon nanomaterials is of paramount importance since they are on the frontline for applications in sensing, bioimaging and drug delivery. The biocompatibility and safety of functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs) are here addressed through the study of the pro-inflammatory response of RAW-264.7 macrophages exposed to new nanodiamonds@corrole hybrids. The corrole unit selected is as a prototype for a hydrophobic organic molecule that can function as a NIR fluorophore reporter, an optical sensor, a photodynamic therapy agent or a photocatalyst. The new functional nanohybrids containing detonated nanodiamonds (NDs) were obtained through esterification using carboxylated NDs and glycol corroles. The success of the covalent functionalization via carbodiimide activation was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The UV-vis absorption and emission spectra of the hybrids are additive with respect to the corrole features. The cellular uptake, localization, cell viability and effects on immune cell activation of the new hybrids and of the precursors were carefully investigated using RAW-264.7 macrophages. Overall results showed that the ND@corrole hybrids had no pro-inflammatory effects on the RAW-264.7 macrophage cell line, making them an ideal candidate for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Keyphrases
- photodynamic therapy
- high resolution
- inflammatory response
- drug delivery
- fluorescent probe
- single molecule
- quantum dots
- solid state
- magnetic resonance imaging
- adipose tissue
- fluorescence imaging
- crispr cas
- mass spectrometry
- cancer therapy
- drug release
- high speed
- atomic force microscopy
- living cells
- magnetic resonance
- immune response
- simultaneous determination
- anti inflammatory