Metformin inhibits RAN translation through PKR pathway and mitigates disease in C9orf72 ALS/FTD mice.
Tao ZuShu GuoOlgert BardhiDaniel Ryskamp RijsketicJian LiSolaleh Khoramian TusiAvery EngelbrechtKelena KlippelParamita ChakrabartyLien NguyenTodd E GoldeNahum SonenbergLaura P W RanumPublished in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2020)
Repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation is found in a growing number of microsatellite expansion diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We show that RAN translation is highly regulated by the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In cells, structured CAG, CCUG, CAGG, and G4C2 expansion RNAs activate PKR, which leads to increased levels of multiple RAN proteins. Blocking PKR using PKR-K296R, the TAR RNA binding protein or PKR-KO cells, reduces RAN protein levels. p-PKR is elevated in C9orf72 ALS/FTD human and mouse brains, and inhibiting PKR in C9orf72 BAC transgenic mice using AAV-PKR-K296R or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug metformin, decreases RAN proteins, and improves behavior and pathology. In summary, targeting PKR, including by use of metformin, is a promising therapeutic approach for C9orf72 ALS/FTD and other expansion diseases.
Keyphrases
- small molecule
- binding protein
- induced apoptosis
- drug administration
- endothelial cells
- cell cycle arrest
- radiation therapy
- emergency department
- cell death
- oxidative stress
- adipose tissue
- skeletal muscle
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- drug delivery
- cell proliferation
- type diabetes
- electronic health record
- nucleic acid
- radiation induced
- genetic diversity