Native Microalgae-Bacteria Consortia: A Sustainable Approach for Effective Urban Wastewater Bioremediation and Disinfection.

Urban wastewater is a significant by-product of human activities. Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants have limitations in their treatment, mainly concerning the low removal efficiency of conventional and emerging contaminants. Discharged wastewater also contains harmful microorganisms, posing risks to public health, especially by spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. Therefore, this study assesses the potential of a native microalgae-bacteria system (MBS) for urban wastewater bioremediation and disinfection, targeting NH 4 + -N and PO 4 3- -P removal, coliform reduction, and antibiotic resistance gene mitigation. The MBS showed promising results, including a high specific growth rate (0.651 ± 0.155 d -1 ) and a significant average removal rate of NH 4 + -N and PO 4 3- -P (9.05 ± 1.24 mg L -1 d -1 and 0.79 ± 0.06 mg L -1 d -1 , respectively). Microalgae-induced pH increase rapidly reduces coliforms ( r > 0.9), including Escherichia coli , within 3 to 6 days. Notably, the prevalence of intI 1 and the antibiotic resistance genes sul 1 and bla TEM are significantly diminished, presenting the MBS as a sustainable approach for tertiary wastewater treatment to combat eutrophication and reduce waterborne disease risks and antibiotic resistance spread.