Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are rising as prospect nanomaterials for constructing polarization-sensitive narrowband near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors (PDs), which have attracted significant interest in astronomy, object identification, and remote sensing. However, polarized narrowband NIR photodetection and imaging based on UCNPs have yet to be realized. Herein, we demonstrate that NIR photodetection and imaging are capable of sensing polarized light as well as affording wavelength-selective detection at 1550 nm by integrating directional-Au@Ag nanorods (D-Au@Ag NRs) with NaYF 4 :Er 3+ @NaYF 4 UCNPs. Monolayer and large-area D-Au@Ag NRs polarization-sensitive plasmonic antenna films are obtained, and the center of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak is located at around 1550 nm. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that D-Au@Ag NRs have a sharp localized LSPR peak with a dominant scattering cross section. The UCNPs coupled with D-Au@Ag NRs exhibit significantly enhanced and strongly polarization-dependent luminescence with a high degree of polarization (DOP) of 0.72. The first polarization-resolved UC narrowband PD at 1550 nm is achieved, which delivers a DOP of 0.63, a detectivity of 1.69 × 10 10 Jones, and a responsivity of 0.32 A/W. Finally, we develop a polarized imaging system for 1550 nm with visual photoelectric detection based on the aforementioned PDs. Our work opens up possibilities for manipulating UC and developing next-generation polarization-sensitive narrowband infrared photodetection and imaging technology.