Immune to addiction: how immunotherapies can be used to combat methamphetamine addiction.

Introduction: The concept of anti-methamphetamine (METH) immunotherapies is a few decades old. A substantial amount of information has been generated on the development of anti-METH immunotherapies, particularly in the preclinical stages of development of vaccines and monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments. However, the concept of treating METH use addiction with anti-METH immunotherapies is not well understood by many researchers or general readers. A series of questions commonly arise regarding the concept: how does it work? What is the antigen used? How exactly does the vaccine prevent METH addiction?Areas covered: This paper reviews the published articles relating to the mechanisms of METH use disorders, strategies used in the development of anti-METH immunotherapies, and the mechanism of action of these treatments. It provides clear explanations to questions surrounding the basis of anti-METH immunotherapies and contextualizes their development. It also identifies areas for future investigation to speed their translation into clinical use.Expert opinion: While METH immunotherapies, including vaccines and mAbs, have progressed significantly in the last 30 years, there are newer approaches that should be evaluated to improve their translatability. Approaches including nanoparticle vaccines, virus-like particles, and other novel methods should be fully evaluated as means of generating anti-METH immunity.