Chronic exposure to TiO 2 micro- and nano particles: A biochemical and histopathological experimental study.

The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of long-term exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) micro- (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) (six and 12 months) on the biochemical and histopathological response of target organs using a murine model. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with a suspension of TiO 2 NPs (5 nm; TiO 2 -NP5 group) or MPs (45 μm; TiO 2 -NP5 group); the control group was injected with saline solution. Six and 12 months post-injection, titanium (Ti) concentration in plasma and target organs was determined spectrometrically (ICP-MS). Blood smears and organ tissue samples were evaluated by light microscopy. Liver and kidney function was evaluated using serum biochemical parameters. Oxidative metabolism was assessed 6 months post-injection (determination of superoxide anion by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation, and paraoxonase 1). Titanium (Ti) concentration in target organs and plasma was significantly higher in the TiO 2 -exposed groups than in the control group. Histological evaluation showed the presence of titanium-based particles in the target organs, which displayed no structural alterations, and in blood monocytes. Oxidative metabolism analysis showed that TiO 2 NPs were more reactive over time than MPs (p < .05) and mobilization of antioxidant enzymes and membrane damage varied among the studied organs. Clearance of TiO 2 micro and nanoparticles differed among the target organs, and lung clearance was more rapid than clearance from the lungs and kidneys (p < .05). Conversely, Ti concentration in plasma increased with time (p < .05). In conclusion, neither serum biochemical parameters nor oxidative metabolism markers appear to be useful as biomarkers of tissue damage in response to TiO 2 micro- and nanoparticle deposits at chronic time points.