Elevated Temperature-Induced Epimicrobiome Shifts in an Invasive Seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla .

Epibacterial communities on seaweeds are affected by several abiotic factors such as temperature and acidification. Due to global warming, surface seawater temperatures are expected to increase by 0.5-5 °C in the next century. However, how epibacterial communities associated with seaweeds will respond to global warming remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the response of epibacterial communities associated with the invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla exposed to 3 °C above ambient temperature for 4 months using a benthocosm system in Kiel, Germany, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results showed that elevated temperature affected the beta-diversity of the epibacterial communities. Some potential seaweed pathogens such as Pseudoalteromonas , Vibrio , Thalassotalea , and Acinetobacter were identified as indicator genera at the elevated temperature level. Thirteen core raw amplicon sequence variants in the elevated temperature group were the same as the populations distributed over a wide geographical range, indicating that these core ASVs may play an important role in the invasive G. vermicullophylla . Overall, this study not only contributes to a better understanding of how epibacterial communities associated with G. vermiculophylla may adapt to ocean warming, but also lays the foundation for further exploration of the interactions between G. vermiculophylla and its epimicrobiota.