Complications of epidural spinal stimulation: lessons from the past and alternatives for the future.
Giuliano TaccolaSean BarberPhillip J HornerHumberto A Cerrel BazoDimitry G SayenkoPublished in: Spinal cord (2020)
In order to reduce the risk of encapsulation, many innovative efforts focus on technological improvements of electrode biocompatibility; however, they require time and resources to develop and confirm safety and efficiency. Alternatively, some studies have demonstrated similar outcomes of non-invasive, transcutaneous SCS following SCI to those seen with epidural SCS, without the complications associated with implanted electrodes. Thus, transcutaneous SCS can be proposed as a promising candidate for a safer and more accessible SCS modality for some individuals with SCI.