Cell-Based Tracers as Trojan Horses for Image-Guided Surgery.
Vincent Q SierMargreet R de VriesJoost R van der VorstAlexander L VahrmeijerCornelis van KootenLuis J CruzLioe-Fee De Geus-OeiValerie FerreiraCornelis F M SierFrauke AlvesMunitta MuthanaPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
Surgeons rely almost completely on their own vision and palpation to recognize affected tissues during surgery. Consequently, they are often unable to distinguish between different cells and tissue types. This makes accurate and complete resection cumbersome. Targeted image-guided surgery (IGS) provides a solution by enabling real-time tissue recognition. Most current targeting agents (tracers) consist of antibodies or peptides equipped with a radiolabel for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) labels, or a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye. These tracers are preoperatively administered to patients, home in on targeted cells or tissues, and are visualized in the operating room via dedicated imaging systems. Instead of using these 'passive' tracers, there are other, more 'active' approaches of probe delivery conceivable by using living cells (macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, mesenchymal stromal cells), cell(-derived) fragments (platelets, extracellular vesicles (exosomes)), and microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) or, alternatively, 'humanized' nanoparticles. Compared with current tracers, these active contrast agents might be more efficient for the specific targeting of tumors or other pathological tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques). This review provides an overview of the arsenal of possibilities applicable for the concept of cell-based tracers for IGS.
Keyphrases
- positron emission tomography
- computed tomography
- living cells
- magnetic resonance imaging
- minimally invasive
- coronary artery bypass
- contrast enhanced
- induced apoptosis
- cancer therapy
- fluorescent probe
- pet ct
- gene expression
- cell cycle arrest
- end stage renal disease
- single cell
- pet imaging
- single molecule
- high resolution
- newly diagnosed
- surgical site infection
- chronic kidney disease
- quantum dots
- stem cells
- peritoneal dialysis
- dual energy
- prognostic factors
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- image quality
- patient reported outcomes
- signaling pathway
- mass spectrometry
- mesenchymal stem cells
- magnetic resonance
- monoclonal antibody
- amino acid
- dendritic cells
- acute coronary syndrome
- peripheral blood