Training labor and treatment behavior: Evidence from physician residency programs.

Public and private investments in physician human capital support a healthcare workforce to provide future medical services nationwide. Yet, little is known about how introducing training labor influences hospitals' provision of care. We leverage all-payer data and emergency medicine (EM) and obstetrics (OBGYN) residency program debuts to estimate local access and treatment intensity effects. We find that the introduction of EM programs coincides with less treatment intensity and suggestive increases in throughput. OBGYN programs adopt the pre-existing surgical tendencies of the hospital but may also relax some capacity constraints-allowing the marginal mother to avoid a riskier nearby hospital.