A porous Co-Ru@C shell as a bifunctional catalyst for lithium-oxygen batteries.

We use SiO 2 as a template and dopamine as a carbon source to synthesize a hollow C shell, and we load Co and Ru nanoparticles onto it to obtain a Co-Ru@C shell composite. The diameter and thickness of the C shell are 100 nm and 5-10 nm, respectively, and numerous holes of different sizes exist on the C shell. Meanwhile, numerous C shells stack together to form macropores, thereby forming a hierarchical porous structure in the material. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis reveals that the specific surface area and pore volume of the Co-Ru@C shell are 631.57 m 2 g -1 and 2.20 cc g -1 , respectively, which can result in many three-phase interfaces and provide more space for the deposition of discharge products. Compared with Co@C shell and C shell electrodes, the obtained Co-Ru@C shell-based electrodes exhibit the highest discharge capacity, the lowest oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction overpotential and the best cycle stability, indicating the excellent catalytic ability of the Co-Ru@C shell.