DspA/E-Triggered Non-Host Resistance against E. amylovora Depends on the Arabidopsis GLYCOLATE OXIDASE 2 Gene.

DspA/E is a type three effector injected by the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora inside plant cells. In non-host Arabidopsis thaliana , DspA/E inhibits seed germination, root growth, de novo protein synthesis and triggers localized cell death. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we performed EMS mutagenesis on a transgenic line, 13-1-2, containing an inducible dspA/E gene. We identified three suppressor mutants, two of which belonged to the same complementation group. Both were resistant to the toxic effects of DspA/E. Metabolome analysis showed that the 13-1-2 line was depleted in metabolites of the TCA cycle and accumulated metabolites associated with cell death and defense. TCA cycle and cell-death associated metabolite levels were respectively increased and reduced in both suppressor mutants compared to the 13-1-2 line. Whole genome sequencing indicated that both suppressor mutants displayed missense mutations in conserved residues of Glycolate oxidase 2 (GOX2), a photorespiratory enzyme that we confirmed to be localized in the peroxisome. Leaf GOX activity increased in leaves infected with E. amylovora in a DspA/E-dependent manner. Moreover, the gox2-2 KO mutant was more sensitive to E. amylovora infection and displayed reduced JA-signaling. Our results point to a role for glycolate oxidase in type II non-host resistance and to the importance of central metabolic functions in controlling growth/defense balance.